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In
international law a
protectorate is a political entity (a
State or less developed native polity, such as a tribal chiefstainship or feudal
princely state) that formally agrees by treaty to enter into an unequal relationship with another, stronger state, called the
protector, which engages to protect it (diplomatically or, if needed, militarily) against third parties, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship.
Rationale
In the case of so-called
amical protection, mainly extended by the great powers to fellow Christian (generally European) states and tiny ones without significant intrinsic importance, the terms may often be very favorable for the protectorate. The political interest of the protector is often moral (a matter of image, prestige, ideology, internal popularity, dynastic, historical or ethno-cultural ties, etc.), and/or countering a rival or enemy power, e.g. preventing the
Ottoman Empire from maintaining or obtaining control of areas of strategic importance. Even if this involves the very weak protectorate surrendering control of its external relations, this may constitute no real sacrifice, since they would not have been able to get similar use out of them without the muscle which only the protector can field for its interest.
Often the conditions are far less generous in areas of
colonial protection. Here the
Western world were generally after real control, so eager to obtain terms that reduced the protectorate to a de facto condition rather similar to a colony, but using the pre-existing native state as an ideal agent of indirect rule; sometimes a protectorate was even established by and/or exercised by the other form of indirect rule: a chartered company, which truly becomes a de facto state 'in' its European home state (but geographically overseas), allowed to conduct its own foreign policy and generally disposing of its own armed forces.
In fact, 'protectorates' were even declared which were not even duly entered into by pre-existent traditional states, or only by a party in its internal politics of dubious authority, while colonial 'protectors' frequently decided on their own to 'reshuffle' several protectorates into a new, artificial unit, a logic not quite respectful of the theoretical duty of a protector to help maintain the protectorate's status and integrity. The Berlin agreemeent of February 26, 1895 actually stipulated that the colonial powers could declare in
Sub-Saharan Africa (the last continent to be further carved up between them) protectorates that could be established by diplomatical notification, even without actual possession on the ground. A similar case is the formal use of such terms as 'colony' and 'protectorate' for an amalgamation, convenient only for the colonizer/protector, of geographically proximious territories over which it held (de facto) sway by protective or 'raw' colonial logic.
In practice, a protectorate often has direct
Diplomacy only with the
protecting power, so other states must deal with it by approaching the protector. Similarly, the protectorate rarely takes military action on its own, but relies on the protector for its defence. This is distinct from annexation, in that the protector has no
formal power to control the internal affairs of the protectorate.
Protectorates differ from
League of Nations Mandates, and similar
United Nations Trust Territories, which gave in practice similar authority to "responsible" Western powers or Japan in various areas of the non-European world over former colonial possessions (including protectorates) of the losers in
World war I and II, since a protectorate formally enters into the protection itself, while the international mandates are imposed upon them by the 'world community-representing body'.
British & Commonwealth protectorates
Protection is a long-established term in
English law for the duty of a
sovereignty to keep the subject safe from harm, including harm done by the sovereign; the subject has a corresponding duty of
allegiance and
obedience. Thus, in
1775,
George III of the United Kingdom declared the
thirteen colonies "out of his protection" for their disobedience — almost equivalent to a
declaration of war.
When the British took over
Cephallenia in 1809, they proclaimed that "We present ourselves to you, Inhabitants of Cephalonia, not as Invaders, with views of conquest, but as Allies who hold forth to you the advantages of British protection." When the British continued to occupy the
Ionian Islands after the Napoleonic wars, they did not formally annex the islands, but described them as a protectorate. The islands were constituted by the
Treaty of Paris (1815) in 1815 as the independent United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection.
Other British protectorates followed. In 1894 Prime Minister
William Gladstone's government officially announced that Uganda was to become a British Protectorate, where Muslim and Christian strife had attracted international attention. The British administration installed carefully selected local kings under a program of indirect rule through the local oligarchy, creating a network of British-controlled
civil service. Most British protectorates were overseen by a Commissioner or a
High Commissioner, rather than a Governor.
Law of the United Kingdom made a distinction between a
protectorate and
protected state. Constitutionally the two were of similar status:
- Britain controlled defence and external relations in both cases
- however in protectorates Britain established an internal government, while in protected states a form of local internal self-government was already in existence.
Persons connected with former British protectorates, protected states, mandated or trust territories may still be British protected persons if they did not acquire the nationality of their country at independence. (See British nationality law)
Other cases include:
Americas
- Mosquito Coast (1655-1860)(amical, over Central America's Miskito Indian nation)
Middle East
- Aden Protectorates in Yemen (1873-1967)
- Egypt (1882-1922) (officially with the Suez Canal in 1956)
- British Residency of the Persian Gulf (1822-1971)
South and South East Asia
Subsaharan Africa
Oceania
Dutch
German
The
German Empire (Second Reich) used the word
Schutzgebiet, literally 'protectorate', for its true colonies as well until they were lost during
World War I.Cases involving indirect rule included;
In the Pacific:
- German New Guinea
- Nauru, various officials posted with the Head Chiefs
- northern Solomon islands
In Africa:
- sultanate of Witu, in Kenya
- German South-West Africa (later Namibia)
- Rwanda, a Resident with the native Mwami (king)
- Urundi, a Resident with the native Mwami (king; 1908 Sultan)
Besides these colonial uses, within Europe the
Nazi Germany established:
- Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from 1939 to 1945 (a Nazi Puppet state in the Czech lands)
- Slovak Republic (World War II) from 1939 to 1945, the German representative being officially a diplomat styled Envoy and Diplomatic rank.
French protectorates
Most French protectorates were rather colonial:
Asia
- In present India: Arkat (Arcot/Carnatic) was 1692 - 1750 a French protectorate until 1763 independence recognized under British protectorate
- In French Indochina until 1953/54:
North African and Indian Ocean Muslim cultures
- Comoros 21 April 1886 French protectorate (Anjouan *) till 25 Jul 1912 annexed
- present Djibouti was originally, since 24 June 1884, the Territory of Obock and Protectorate of Tadjoura (Territoires Française d'Obock, Tadjoura, Dankils et Somalis), a French protectorate recognized by Britain on 9 February 1888, renamed on 20 May 1896 as Djibouti (Côte Française des Somalis).
- Mauritania on 12 May 1903 French protectorate; within Mauritanian several traditional states:
- Adrar emirate since 9 January 1909 French protectorate (before Spanish)
- the Taganit confederation's emirate (founded by Idaw `Ish dynasty), since 1905 under French protectorate.
- ? Brakna confederation's emirate
- Trarza confederation's emirate since 15 December 1902 a French protectorate
- Morocco - most of the sultanate was 30 March 1912 - 2 March 1956 French protectorate *
- over Madagascar Traditional States
- Tunisia 12 May 1881 becomes a French protectorate by treaty. ... 20 March 1956 French protectorate terminated.
Sub-saharan Africa
- in Benin traditional states
- ... 1889 Independent of Danhome, under French protectorate
- 23 February 1863 - 2 January 1865 Porto-Novo a French protectorate. 19 May 1868 Cotonou a French Protectorate. 14 April 1882 Porto-Novo French protectorate. ...
- in Central African Republic traditional states:
- 12 December 1897 French protectorate over Dar al-Kuti (1912 Sultanate suppressed by the French)
- 1894 French protectorate over the Sultanate of Bangassou *
- present Burkina Faso was since 20 February 1895 a French protectorate named Haute-Volta ('Upper Volta')
- in Chad: Baghirmi state 20 September 1897 a French protectorate
- Côte d'Ivoire: 10 January 1889 French protectorate of Ivory Coast
- Guinea: 5 August 1849 French protectorate over coastal region; (Riviéres du Sud).
- in Niger, Damagaram sultanate (later capital Zinder) since 30 July 1899 under French protectorate over the native rulers, titled Sarkin Damagaram or Sultan)
- in Senegal: 4 February 1850 First of several French protectorate treaties with local rulers
Oceania
- in French Polynesia, mainly Society Islands (several other were immediately annexed)
- 1842 Otaheiti (native king styled Ari`i rahi) becomes a French protectorate known as Tahiti
- 1880 Ra`iatea and Taha`a (after temporary annexation by Otaheiti; (title Ari`i) a French protectorate
- 16 Jan 1844 Mangareva (on eof the of Gambier Islands; ruler title `Akariki) a French protectorate.
- on Wallis and Futuna:
- 4 November 1842 Wallis declared to be a French protectorate by King of Uvea and Captain Mallet of ...
- 5 April 1887 `Uvea (Wallis) becomes a French protectorate.
Italian
In Europe:
- Monaco-20 November 1815 under amical Protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia to 1860.
- 1941-1943, Montenegro
In the colonial empire:
- Ethiopia: the 2 May 1889 Treaty of Wuchale, in the Italian language version, stated that Ethiopia was to become an Italian protectorate, while the Ethiopian Amharic language version merely stated that the Emperor could, if he so chose, go through Italy to conduct foreign affairs. When the differences in the versions came to light, Emperor of Ethiopia Menelik II of Ethiopia abrogated first the article in question (XVII), and later the whole treaty. The event culminated in the First Italo-Ethiopian War, in which Ethiopia was victorious and defended her sovereignty in 1896.
- in Libya: on 15 October 1912 Italian protectorate declared over Cirenaica (Cyrenaica) until 17 May 1919.
- in Somalia: 3 August 1889 Benadir Coast Italian Protectorate (in the north east; unoccupied until May 1893), until 16 March 1905 when it changed to the Italian Somalia (Italian Somaliland) colony.
- Majerteen or Harti sultanate since 7 April 1889 under Italian protectorate (renewed 7 Apr 1895), then in 1927 incorporated into the Italian colony.
- Sultanate of Hobyo (formerly the Hiraab Imamate until it's conquest by a Majerteen warlord) since Dec 1888 under Italian protectorate (renewed 11 Apr 1895), then in Oct 1925 incorporated into the Italian colony (known as Obbia).
Japanese
Russian
Spanish
- in Morocco 27 November 1912 - 7 April 1956 the so-called Spanish Zone (de jure joint protectorate but de facto most of the sultanate was under French protection).
- in Mauritania: Adrar emirate since 1886 under Spanish protectorate till 9 January 1909, then a French protectorate.
Joint protectorates
compare Condominium (international law)
- the Adriatic republic of Ragusa (presently Dubrovnic in Croatian Dalmatia) was a joint Habsburg Austrian - Ottoman Empire protectorate 20 August 1684 - 24 August 1798 - so exceptionally both a Catholic and a Muslim protector
- The United States of the Ionian Islands were a federal Septinsular Republic of seven formerly Venetian (see Provveditore) Ionian islands (Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo and Paxos), officially under joint protectorate of the Allied Christian Powers, de facto a UK amical protectorate from 1815 to 1864.
Contemporary usage by the United States
Some agencies of the United States government, such as the
United States Environmental Protection Agency, still use the term
protectorate to refer to
insular areas of the
United States such as Puerto Rico and the
U.S. Virgin Islands, as were the Philippines and (it can be argued via the
Platt Amendment) Cuba at the end of Spanish
Colonialism. However, the agency responsible for the administration of those areas, the Office of Insular Affairs (OIA) within the United States Department of Interior exclusively uses the term
insular area rather than
protectorate.
See also
Sources and references
(incomplete)
- WorldStatesmen- see each modern state, here grouped by colonial/protecting power
- Nouveau Larousse Illustré, undated, early 20th century, in French
In
international law a
protectorate is a political entity (a
State or less developed native polity, such as a tribal chiefstainship or feudal
princely state) that formally agrees by treaty to enter into an unequal relationship with another, stronger state, called the
protector, which engages to protect it (diplomatically or, if needed, militarily) against third parties, in exchange for which the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship.
Rationale
In the case of so-called
amical protection, mainly extended by the
great powers to fellow Christian (generally European) states and tiny ones without significant intrinsic importance, the terms may often be very favorable for the protectorate. The political interest of the protector is often moral (a matter of image, prestige, ideology, internal popularity, dynastic, historical or ethno-cultural ties, etc.), and/or countering a rival or enemy power, e.g. preventing the Ottoman Empire from maintaining or obtaining control of areas of strategic importance. Even if this involves the very weak protectorate surrendering control of its external relations, this may constitute no real sacrifice, since they would not have been able to get similar use out of them without the muscle which only the protector can field for its interest.
Often the conditions are far less generous in areas of
colonial protection. Here the Western world were generally after real control, so eager to obtain terms that reduced the protectorate to a de facto condition rather similar to a colony, but using the pre-existing native state as an ideal agent of
indirect rule; sometimes a protectorate was even established by and/or exercised by the other form of indirect rule: a
chartered company, which truly becomes a de facto state 'in' its European home state (but geographically overseas), allowed to conduct its own foreign policy and generally disposing of its own armed forces.
In fact, 'protectorates' were even declared which were not even duly entered into by pre-existent traditional states, or only by a party in its internal politics of dubious authority, while colonial 'protectors' frequently decided on their own to 'reshuffle' several protectorates into a new, artificial unit, a logic not quite respectful of the theoretical duty of a protector to help maintain the protectorate's status and integrity. The Berlin agreemeent of February 26, 1895 actually stipulated that the colonial powers could declare in
Sub-Saharan Africa (the last continent to be further carved up between them) protectorates that could be established by diplomatical notification, even without actual possession on the ground. A similar case is the formal use of such terms as 'colony' and 'protectorate' for an amalgamation, convenient only for the colonizer/protector, of geographically proximious territories over which it held (de facto) sway by protective or 'raw' colonial logic.
In practice, a protectorate often has direct Diplomacy only with the protecting power, so other states must deal with it by approaching the protector. Similarly, the protectorate rarely takes military action on its own, but relies on the protector for its defence. This is distinct from annexation, in that the protector has no
formal power to control the internal affairs of the protectorate.
Protectorates differ from
League of Nations Mandates, and similar
United Nations Trust Territories, which gave in practice similar authority to "responsible" Western powers or Japan in various areas of the non-European world over former colonial possessions (including protectorates) of the losers in World war I and II, since a protectorate formally enters into the protection itself, while the international mandates are imposed upon them by the 'world community-representing body'.
British & Commonwealth protectorates
Protection is a long-established term in
English law for the duty of a
sovereignty to keep the subject safe from harm, including harm done by the sovereign; the subject has a corresponding duty of
allegiance and
obedience. Thus, in 1775, George III of the United Kingdom declared the thirteen colonies "out of his protection" for their disobedience — almost equivalent to a
declaration of war.
When the British took over Cephallenia in 1809, they proclaimed that "We present ourselves to you, Inhabitants of Cephalonia, not as Invaders, with views of conquest, but as Allies who hold forth to you the advantages of British protection." When the British continued to occupy the Ionian Islands after the Napoleonic wars, they did not formally annex the islands, but described them as a protectorate. The islands were constituted by the
Treaty of Paris (1815) in 1815 as the independent United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection.
Other British protectorates followed. In 1894 Prime Minister
William Gladstone's government officially announced that
Uganda was to become a British Protectorate, where Muslim and Christian strife had attracted international attention. The British administration installed carefully selected local kings under a program of indirect rule through the local oligarchy, creating a network of British-controlled
civil service. Most British protectorates were overseen by a Commissioner or a
High Commissioner, rather than a Governor.
Law of the United Kingdom made a distinction between a
protectorate and
protected state. Constitutionally the two were of similar status:
- Britain controlled defence and external relations in both cases
- however in protectorates Britain established an internal government, while in protected states a form of local internal self-government was already in existence.
Persons connected with former British protectorates, protected states, mandated or trust territories may still be
British protected persons if they did not acquire the nationality of their country at independence. (See British nationality law)
Other cases include:
Americas
Middle East
- Aden Protectorates in Yemen (1873-1967)
- Egypt (1882-1922) (officially with the Suez Canal in 1956)
- British Residency of the Persian Gulf (1822-1971)
South and South East Asia
Subsaharan Africa
Oceania
Dutch
German
The German Empire (Second Reich) used the word
Schutzgebiet, literally 'protectorate', for its true colonies as well until they were lost during World War I.Cases involving indirect rule included;
In the Pacific:
In Africa:
Besides these colonial uses, within Europe the Nazi Germany established:
- Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia from 1939 to 1945 (a Nazi Puppet state in the Czech lands)
- Slovak Republic (World War II) from 1939 to 1945, the German representative being officially a diplomat styled Envoy and Diplomatic rank.
French protectorates
- Saar (protectorate) (1947-1956), not colonial or amical, but a former part of Germany that would by referendum return to it, in fact a re-edition of a former Saar (League of Nations).
Most French protectorates were rather colonial:
Asia
- In present India: Arkat (Arcot/Carnatic) was 1692 - 1750 a French protectorate until 1763 independence recognized under British protectorate
- In French Indochina until 1953/54:
North African and Indian Ocean Muslim cultures
- Comoros 21 April 1886 French protectorate (Anjouan *) till 25 Jul 1912 annexed
- present Djibouti was originally, since 24 June 1884, the Territory of Obock and Protectorate of Tadjoura (Territoires Française d'Obock, Tadjoura, Dankils et Somalis), a French protectorate recognized by Britain on 9 February 1888, renamed on 20 May 1896 as Djibouti (Côte Française des Somalis).
- Mauritania on 12 May 1903 French protectorate; within Mauritanian several traditional states:
- Adrar emirate since 9 January 1909 French protectorate (before Spanish)
- the Taganit confederation's emirate (founded by Idaw `Ish dynasty), since 1905 under French protectorate.
- ? Brakna confederation's emirate
- Trarza confederation's emirate since 15 December 1902 a French protectorate
- Morocco - most of the sultanate was 30 March 1912 - 2 March 1956 French protectorate *
- over Madagascar Traditional States
- 6 August 1896 Kingdom of Imerina under French protectorate. 28 February 1897 French Madagascar colony.
- Tunisia 12 May 1881 becomes a French protectorate by treaty. ... 20 March 1956 French protectorate terminated.
Sub-saharan Africa
- in Benin traditional states
- in Central African Republic traditional states:
- 12 December 1897 French protectorate over Dar al-Kuti (1912 Sultanate suppressed by the French)
- 1894 French protectorate over the Sultanate of Bangassou *
- present Burkina Faso was since 20 February 1895 a French protectorate named Haute-Volta ('Upper Volta')
- in Chad: Baghirmi state 20 September 1897 a French protectorate
- Côte d'Ivoire: 10 January 1889 French protectorate of Ivory Coast
- Guinea: 5 August 1849 French protectorate over coastal region; (Riviéres du Sud).
- in Niger, Damagaram sultanate (later capital Zinder) since 30 July 1899 under French protectorate over the native rulers, titled Sarkin Damagaram or Sultan)
- in Senegal: 4 February 1850 First of several French protectorate treaties with local rulers
Oceania
- in French Polynesia, mainly Society Islands (several other were immediately annexed)
- 1842 Otaheiti (native king styled Ari`i rahi) becomes a French protectorate known as Tahiti
- 1880 Ra`iatea and Taha`a (after temporary annexation by Otaheiti; (title Ari`i) a French protectorate
- 16 Jan 1844 Mangareva (on eof the of Gambier Islands; ruler title `Akariki) a French protectorate.
- on Wallis and Futuna:
- 4 November 1842 Wallis declared to be a French protectorate by King of Uvea and Captain Mallet of ...
- 5 April 1887 `Uvea (Wallis) becomes a French protectorate.
Italian
In Europe:
- Monaco-20 November 1815 under amical Protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia to 1860.
- 1941-1943, Montenegro
In the colonial empire:
- Ethiopia: the 2 May 1889 Treaty of Wuchale, in the Italian language version, stated that Ethiopia was to become an Italian protectorate, while the Ethiopian Amharic language version merely stated that the Emperor could, if he so chose, go through Italy to conduct foreign affairs. When the differences in the versions came to light, Emperor of Ethiopia Menelik II of Ethiopia abrogated first the article in question (XVII), and later the whole treaty. The event culminated in the First Italo-Ethiopian War, in which Ethiopia was victorious and defended her sovereignty in 1896.
- in Libya: on 15 October 1912 Italian protectorate declared over Cirenaica (Cyrenaica) until 17 May 1919.
- in Somalia: 3 August 1889 Benadir Coast Italian Protectorate (in the north east; unoccupied until May 1893), until 16 March 1905 when it changed to the Italian Somalia (Italian Somaliland) colony.
- Majerteen or Harti sultanate since 7 April 1889 under Italian protectorate (renewed 7 Apr 1895), then in 1927 incorporated into the Italian colony.
- Sultanate of Hobyo (formerly the Hiraab Imamate until it's conquest by a Majerteen warlord) since Dec 1888 under Italian protectorate (renewed 11 Apr 1895), then in Oct 1925 incorporated into the Italian colony (known as Obbia).
Japanese
- held a protectorate over the monarchy of Korea before annexing that country in 1910.
- Manchukuo (1932-1945)
Russian
Spanish
- in Morocco 27 November 1912 - 7 April 1956 the so-called Spanish Zone (de jure joint protectorate but de facto most of the sultanate was under French protection).
- in Mauritania: Adrar emirate since 1886 under Spanish protectorate till 9 January 1909, then a French protectorate.
Joint protectorates
compare Condominium (international law)
- the Adriatic republic of Ragusa (presently Dubrovnic in Croatian Dalmatia) was a joint Habsburg Austrian - Ottoman Empire protectorate 20 August 1684 - 24 August 1798 - so exceptionally both a Catholic and a Muslim protector
- The United States of the Ionian Islands were a federal Septinsular Republic of seven formerly Venetian (see Provveditore) Ionian islands (Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cerigo and Paxos), officially under joint protectorate of the Allied Christian Powers, de facto a UK amical protectorate from 1815 to 1864.
Contemporary usage by the United States
Some agencies of the
United States government, such as the
United States Environmental Protection Agency, still use the term
protectorate to refer to insular areas of the
United States such as
Puerto Rico and the
U.S. Virgin Islands, as were the
Philippines and (it can be argued via the Platt Amendment) Cuba at the end of Spanish Colonialism. However, the agency responsible for the administration of those areas, the Office of Insular Affairs (OIA) within the United States Department of Interior exclusively uses the term
insular area rather than
protectorate.
See also
Sources and references
(incomplete)
- WorldStatesmen- see each modern state, here grouped by colonial/protecting power
- Nouveau Larousse Illustré, undated, early 20th century, in French
Protectorate
Only 2 full raids and a few raids where we still had to clear the remaining bosses is all what was needed for the mighty Pr0t3ct0r4te, to kill the last remaining boss in the Black ...
Protectorate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In international law a protectorate is an autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity, called the protector, which engages to protect it (diplomatically ...
The Protectorate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In British history, the Protectorate was the period 1653–1659 during which the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland was governed by a Lord Protector.
British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1638-60
Detailed information on the 17th century British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate period 1642-60, with biographies of leading personalities, military history and timelines
Timeline - Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate - 1653-58
Timeline of Cromwell's Protectorate 1654-59 ... Apr 8 : General Monck appointed commander of Commonwealth forces in Scotland.
Oliver Cromwell - The Founding of the Protectorate
The Oliver Cromwell website is jointly maintained by the Cromwell Association and the Cromwell Museum Huntingdon. ... The founding of the Protectorate. 16 December 2003 sees the ...
AskOxford: protectorate
protectorate • noun 1 a state that is controlled and protected by another. 2 (Protectorate) historical the position or period of office of a Protector, in particular that of ...
the Protectorate
Find out more about the Protectorate from The History Channel's free online encyclopedia. ... Protectorate, the. Period of English history, 1653–59, when England was ruled by a ...
protectorate - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about protectorate
protectorate. Formerly in international law, a small state under the direct or indirect control of a larger one. The 20th-century equivalent was a trust territory.
protectorate definition of protectorate in the Free Online ...
protectorate, in international law protectorate, in international law, a relationship in which one state surrenders part of its sovereignty sovereignty, supreme authority in a ...
